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1. | With regard to the error in the Company’s accounting for the Depomed Royalty Agreement that has been disclosed in Note 1 to the Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2014, further explain your conclusion that the identified significant deficiency in |
• | The Chief Accounting Officer (“CAO”) examined the agreements in detail and identified each of the Company’s rights and obligations under the Depomed Transaction. |
• | The CAO performed research of the Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) and prepared a Material Non-recurring Transaction Memo (the “Memo”) which provided a summary of the key elements of the Depomed Transaction, the accounting guidance considered, the Company’s analysis of the Depomed |
• | The Memo was then provided to the Financial and Reporting Manager who performed an independent review of the transaction documents, agreed the key elements of the Depomed Transaction to the Memo, validated the ASC guidance considered, and challenged the conclusions reached by the CAO. |
• | Upon completion of the review performed by the Financial and Reporting Manager, the Memo was provided to the following internal and external parties for review and comment. |
▪ | CFO - The Company’s CFO examined the transaction documents, reviewed the Memo, and discussed the Depomed Transaction and conclusions reached with the CAO. |
▪ | Third party accounting consultancy group - The Company engaged a local San Francisco/Bay Area based accounting consultancy group to review the Memo and assist management with the Company’s final assessment of and conclusions reached regarding the accounting for the Depomed Transaction. The CAO discussed the comments and observations from the review with the reviewer and updated the Memo as appropriate. |
▪ | KPMG - The Company engaged KPMG to assist with the preparation of its income tax returns and annual and quarterly tax provisions prepared in accordance with GAAP, and to assist the Company with the assessment of the tax accounting for significant transactions. As part of its analysis of the Depomed Transaction, the Company engaged KPMG to assist it in assessing the income tax treatment and accounting for the Depomed Transaction. |
• | Following the completion of the reviews by the CFO, KPMG and the third party accounting consultancy group, the CAO updated the Memo and submitted it to the CFO for final review and approval. |
2. | With regard to the error in the Company’s accounting for the Depomed Royalty Agreement that has been disclosed in Note 1 to the Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2014, further explain the potential impact of future periods of the error if it had not been properly identified and corrected: |
• | Based on the forecasted cash receipts, we performed an evaluation that compared the forecasted operating income, and net income and the related potential reporting implications in the balance sheet and statements of income and cash flows under the accounting model we originally adopted, that is, had the error not been identified, to that of the fair value model we adopted to correct the accounting for the Depomed financial asset. With respect to this transaction, the Company, the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors, shareholders, note holders and other users of our financial statements are primarily concerned with the cash flow to be generated by this asset, operating income and net income resulting in cash availability to service debt or pay dividends. We performed the evaluation through December of 2019 to identify any periods in which it was reasonably possible that there could be a material difference. This asset is expected to generate cash flows through February of 2024 (10.25 years). Based on the anticipated approval of all five drugs, more than 65% of all anticipated cash flows occur before the end of 2019 (representing 91% of the fair value of the acquired asset on the date of the transaction) and the approximate fair value of projected cash flows to be received after 2019 as calculated on the date of the transaction would only be $31.4 million (or 9% of the fair value of the acquired asset on the date of the transaction), we concluded an evaluation through 2019 (6 years) represents a reasonable period in which to assess the possibility of a material difference between the pre-corrected and post-corrected accounting treatment. We concluded that for the six annual reporting periods evaluated that it was not reasonably possible that there would be material differences in the effected financial statement captions between the two models. Further, when comparing the pre-corrected and post-corrected models it is noted that both utilize the same cash flow streams and the two models would result in the same ultimate return on investment and the same operating income and net income over the life of the asset. |
◦ | In the pre-corrected model, royalty revenues were recognized as cash was received and cost of royalty revenues (amortization of the intangible asset) was recognized on a units-of-production method as outlined in ASC 350. |
◦ | In the corrected model, fair value accounting was elected as is permissible per ASC 825-10-25-1. The fair value of the asset acquired is determined by using a discounted cash flow analysis related to the expected future cash flows to be generated by each licensed product. This asset is classified as a Level 3 asset within the fair value hierarchy, as our valuation utilized significant unobservable inputs. The change in fair value is recognized and netted with cash receipts as a component of operating revenues in the income statement as “Royalty rights - change in fair value”. When comparing this model to that of the pre-corrected model, our analysis focused on comparing the operating income recorded under the corrected model to that recognized under the pre-corrected model which was comprised of revenues recognized less the amortization of the of the recorded intangible asset. As noted above, the users of our financial statements are primarily focused on the cash flows and operating income and net income to be generated by the transaction. |
◦ | When the two models were compared, it was noted that of the 6 years evaluated, one year * * *. All other years had a difference in operating and net income of 4% or less. In considering the qualitative aspects of the differences in operating income and net income in future periods, management has concluded that these differences do not constitute a material error for any year as the differences do not materially affect trends in the Company’s operating income or net income. The primary qualitative aspects considered were: i) the error does not affect our ability to remain compliant with the covenants of our debt and ii) the error does not affect our ability to service debt or pay dividends. |
◦ | As noted above, there is no impact between the two accounting models on total cash flow related to this financial asset for the 6 years evaluated. With respect to this transaction, the Company, the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors, shareholders, note holders and other users of our financial statements are primarily concerned with the cash flow to be generated by this asset and the resulting cash availability to service debt or pay dividends and not the related statement of cash flow presentation. The error correction does not affect cash receipts or our ability to service debt or pay dividends. |
◦ | Provided the Company executes its financial plan and there is no unexpected deterioration in its balance sheet through the period evaluated (2019), it was concluded the difference in the pre corrected carrying value of the asset to that of the corrected carrying value of the asset would not be material as a percentage of |
◦ | Fair value inputs - The two primary fair value inputs are: i) expected future cash flows and ii) the discount rate applied. |
▪ | In preparing the two analyses, we considered the likelihood of the occurrence of the projected future cash flows. There are five different drugs (assets) for which PDL purchased the rights to future royalty cash flows. They are Glumetza, Janumet XR, Jentadueto XR, Canagliflozin +Metformin XR, and Empagliflozin + Metformin XR. Glumetza and Janumet have been approved and the Company is recognizing royalty revenues related to these products, while the other drugs are not yet approved. The cash forecasts for the two approved drugs considered third party prescription data (IMS) that supports the related forecasts. While not yet approved, the three drugs not yet approved, are iterations of already approved drugs to utilize different delivery mechanisms. Those mechanisms focus on the combination of already approved drugs, or applying extended release technology to already approved drugs. The cash forecasts for the three future drugs were supported by a third party experts’ review of the related markets and the anticipated market capture for each. The Company concluded the likelihood of approval for all three drugs to be very high and the related expected cash flows to be reliable. Based on the cash flows received through the date of this response, we conclude that our original estimates continue to represent our best estimate of future cash flows to be received under the Depomed Transaction. |
▪ | When considering the potential changes in the cash flows to be received, we separately considered scenarios under which cash flows may increase or decrease. It was concluded that it was unlikely that the cash flows would materially increase as the estimated market share (population/disease base) expected to use any of the five drugs is finite and while there is opportunity for the five drugs in aggregate to outperform our projected cash flows, it is unlikely that there would be a material increase in cash flows received. However it was concluded that there is a possibility that less market share is obtained and / or adoption of the indication is less than expected. In considering scenarios under which cash flows may be reduced, it was concluded that such a reduction would reduce the related fair value of the recorded asset under the fair value accounting model. Alternatively, the criterion that are applied to an intangible asset in assessing potential impairment are different than the consideration given to the changes in inputs under the fair value model. That said, it was concluded that for this asset the occurrence of adverse events would have similar impacts on either model and would result in an impairment charge to be recorded under the |
▪ | In our original assessment of the fair value of the acquired asset, we utilized a third party valuation expert and an industry recognized report generated by Tufts University (Tufts report) to determine the discount rates used to calculate the net present value of each of the five acquired cash flow streams. In determining the appropriate discount rate to be applied to each acquired cash flow stream, we considered: i) the study conducted by Tufts University which focused on the likelihood of drug approval by the U.S. food and drug administration (FDA) for drugs in various stages of development, ii) estimated counter party credit risk, and iii) risks associated with the realization of the projected cash flows. Based on this analysis, we determined that discount rates ranging from approximately 22% - 25% were appropriate with the rates applied to the two approved drugs lower than those of the yet to be approved drugs. |
▪ | We have considered whether events or circumstances may arise which would result in a significant reduction of the discount rate and have concluded that it is not reasonably possible that a significant decrease in the discount rates would occur. In reaching this conclusion, we considered the following: |
▪ | Likelihood of product approval - given that we initially assessed it highly probable that the three drugs still in development underlying the acquired cash flow streams would receive regulatory approval, obtaining regulatory approval is expected to have little to no reduction on the discount rate for these drugs. |
▪ | Counterparty credit risk - we initially assessed each counter party credit risk to be low as the underlying drugs are licensed by well-established pharmaceutical companies with minimal credit risk. Accordingly, we have concluded that any further reduction in counterparty credit risk would have a minimal effect on the discount rates applied. |
▪ | Realization of projected cash flows - as the cash flows acquired are unsecured and the underlying drugs are subject to market competition and potential loss of regulatory approval if adverse events occur, in consultation with our third party valuation experts, we have concluded that it would not be appropriate to apply a discount rate significantly below our initially applied range of 22% - 25%. |
▪ | We have also considered whether events or circumstances may occur that would significantly increase the discount rate applied to one or all of the cash flow streams acquired. Such events or circumstances include: i) increase in counter party credit risk resulting from a decline in the financial condition or liquidity of the counter party, ii) adverse market events which may reduce the probability of receiving the projected future cash flows, and iii) a decline in the probability of regulatory approval for one or more of the three underlying drugs. In the event of a decrease in the probability that all currently unapproved drugs will obtain regulatory approval, a 1% change in the discount rates could change the fair value of the related cash flow streams by up to $1.7M (depending on when the change occurred) throughout the six year period reviewed. This potential change was concluded to be immaterial to both operating income and net income and for all reporting periods assessed. As noted above, approval of the yet approved drugs was assessed as highly probable of occurring. |
▪ | In the event of a change in counter party credit risk or other event that would impact the cash flows of the underlying drugs as a group, a change of 1% in the discount rate applied to all five drugs could change the fair value by as much as 2.0% or approximately $4 million dollars (depending on the timing of the change) throughout the six year period reviewed. This potential change was concluded to be immaterial to both operating income and net income and for all reporting periods assessed. |
▪ | In considering the potential impact of such changes to the post-correction model, we concluded that the events which may result in a potentially significant increase in the discount rates applied and a corresponding decrease in the fair value of the acquired asset would also result in the recognition of an impairment charge associated with the asset recorded under the pre-corrected model. Accordingly, we have concluded that, should such an event or events occur, it would result in comparable reductions of the carrying value of the acquired asset (as a change in fair value under the post-corrected model and as an impairment charge under the pre-corrected model). |
3. | With regard to the error in the Company’s accounting for the Depomed Royalty Agreement that has been disclosed in Note 1 to the Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2014, further explain your conclusion that the identified control deficiency would not impact transactions other than the Depomed transaction. |
• | In 2012 and 2013, the Company entered into a number of secured note receivable arrangements under which the Company loaned money to public and private healthcare companies. Each of these arrangements contained specified repayment terms and minimum rates of return to be realized by the Company and were collateralized by |
• | The Depomed transaction was the first transaction through which the Company acquired unsecured cash flows with no guaranteed rates of return that will only be realized through royalty rights acquired from a third party. As such, our internal controls had not yet operated or been evaluated as it related to this type of transaction. The Depomed Transaction was very unique and significant judgment was required to properly account for this transaction. |
• | The error resulted from an incorrect application of GAAP to a complex financial asset for which there is no specific accounting guidance and for which considerable judgment was required to determine the appropriate accounting for and presentation of the asset acquired, revenues earned and cash flows to be received. This was validated through multiple searches of publicly available records (i.e. EDGAR) and several consultations with our auditors and external advisors, as well as with the SEC staff, that this was a very unique transaction without clearly applicable GAAP. |
• | The characteristics of the Depomed Transaction that were determined to be unique and complex are notably dissimilar to the characteristics of all our other transactions. As such, the potential for the related control to fail in regards to those other transactions was also determined to be remote and no such failure was identified. |